Social Insurance, Welfare Codes, and the Spread of Covid-19
Keywords:
covid-19; racial disparities; education; health; pandemic; pollution; environment
Abstract
This paper explores disparities in the effect of pollution on confirmed cases of Covid-19 based on counties’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Using data on all US counties on a daily basis over the year 2020 and applying a rich panel data fixed effect model, we document that: 1) there are discernible social and demographic disparities in the spread of Covid-19. Blacks, low educated, and poorer people are at higher risks of being infected by the new disease. 2) The criteria pollutants including Ozone, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 have the potential to accelerate the outbreak of the novel coronavirus. 3) The disadvantaged population is more vulnerable to the effects of pollution on the spread of coronavirus. Specifically, the effects of pollution on confirmed cases become larger for blacks, low educated, and counties with lower average wages in 2019.
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References
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CNN. (2020). World Covid-19 tracker: Latest cases and deaths by country. https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/
Contini, D., & Costabile, F. (2020). Does air pollution influence COVID-19 outbreaks? In Atmosphere (Vol. 11, Issue 4, p. 377). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ATMOS11040377
Diakhaté, B. (2021). Political Activism and Family Matters in Nadine Gordimer‘s My Son’s Story (1990). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.33258/BIRCI.V4I1.1530
Figueroa, J. F., Wadhera, R. K., Lee, D., Yeh, R. W., & Sommers, B. D. (2020). Community-Level Factors Associated With Racial And Ethnic Disparities In COVID-19 Rates In Massachusetts. Health Affairs, 39(11), 1984–1992. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01040
Harahap, I., Nasution, Y. S. J., & Chairina, C. (2021). Analysis of Muslim Customer Loyalty Shopping for Fashion in the Traditional Inpres I Market in Kisaran. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.33258/BIRCI.V4I1.1533
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Lauer, S. A., Grantz, K. H., Bi, Q., Jones, F. K., Zheng, Q., Meredith, H. R., Azman, A. S., Reich, N. G., & Lessler, J. (2020). The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Annals of Internal Medicine, 172(9), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K. S. M., Lau, E. H. Y., Wong, J. Y., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., Chen, Q., Li, D., Liu, T., Zhao, J., Liu, M., … Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. In New England Journal of Medicine (Vol. 382, Issue 13, pp. 1199–1207). Massachussetts Medical Society. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
McClure, E. S., Vasudevan, P., Bailey, Z., Patel, S., & Robinson, W. R. (2020). Racial Capitalism Within Public Health—How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities. American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(11), 1244–1253. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa126
NoghaniBehambari, H., Noghani, F., & Tavassoli, N. (2020). Early Life Income Shocks and Old-Age Cause-Specific Mortality. Economic Analysis, 53(2), 1–19.
NoghaniBehambari, H., Salari, M., Noghani, F., & Tavassoli, N. (2020). The Effect of Temperature on COVID-19 Confirmed Cases: Evidence from US Counties. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3636662
Paul, A., Englert, P., & Varga, M. (2020). Socio-Economic Disparities and COVID-19 in the USA. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3690517
SEER. (2019). Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) Research Data (1975-2016). National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program.
Sriono, S., Kusno, K., Risdalina, R., Tampubolon, W. S., & M., I. K. (2021). Legality of Execution of Collateral Based on Electronic Mortgage Certificate in Bank Credit Agreement. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.33258/BIRCI.V4I1.1532
Tan, J., Mu, L., Huang, J., Yu, S., Chen, B., & Yin, J. (2005). An initial investigation of the association between the SARS outbreak and weather: With the view of the environmental temperature and its variation. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(3), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.020180
USA-Facts. (2020). US Coronavirus Cases and Deaths | USAFacts. https://usafacts.org/visualizations/coronavirus-covid-19-spread-map
Wang, J., Tang, K., Feng, K., & Lv, W. (2020). High Temperature and High Humidity Reduce the Transmission of COVID-19. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551767
Xie, J., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Association between ambient temperature and COVID-19 infection in 122 cities from China. Science of the Total Environment, 724, 138201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138201
Yang, T.-C., Emily Choi, S., & Sun, F. (2020). COVID-19 cases in US counties: roles of racial/ethnic density and residential segregation. Ethnicity & Health, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2020.1830036
Published
2021-03-29
How to Cite
Tadashi Adino, Moein Mirani Ahangar Kolaei, Eser Demir, Tolga Constantinou, Mostafa Toranji, & Muhammad Ridwan. (2021). Social Insurance, Welfare Codes, and the Spread of Covid-19. Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi Dan Perubahan Sosial, 8(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v8i1.140
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